PEREZ,+SHARON+N

=PLANT CELLS=

BY:SHARON && ASHLEY

=TABLE OF CONTENTS= 1.........................INTRODUCTION 2........................WHAT IS A PLANT CELL? 3........................THE CELL MEMBRANE 4.........................THE NUCLEUS 5.........................THE MITOCHONDRIAL 6.........................THE CHLOROPLAST 7.........................THE GOLGI BODY 8.........................THE CELL WALL 9.........................THE VACUOLE 10.......................THE BIBLIOGRAPHY

=THE INTRODUCTION= ==Hey this is Sharon P. and Ashley R,and we are going to talk about plant cells.Well yeah have u wonder about plant cell???? i have,i always.Like what is a cell membrane?,what is a cell wall?.Well in this bibliography you well read all about plant cells,you well have fun and mostly you well learn how does that sound great huh.....well yeah thats get started......== =WHAT IS A PLANT CELL= ==Well a plant cell is the eukaryotic and have many of the structures found in animal cells.In addition, all **eukaryotic cells** contain elaborate systems of **internal membranes** which set up various membrane-enclosed compartments within the cell. Cell membranes are built from **lipids** and **proteins**. The lipids in the plasma membrane are chiefly phospholipids like phosphatidyl ethanolamine and cholesterol. Phospholipids are amphiphilic with the hydrocarbon tail of the molecule being hydrophobic; its polar head hydrophilic.Well yeah thats a plant cell theres more to i think but for now lets just stuck to that and go on to the nextone which is the cell membrane....== =CELL MEMBRANE= ==FUNCTION=The purpose of the membrane is to control what goes in and out of the cell. The items that go in are highly regulated. It also communicates with other cells for example with receptors on the surface or cell to cell adhesion. Proteins that are found in the bilayer are receptor proteins, which deal with communication, recognition proteins and transport proteins that regulate the movement of water and soluble molecules through the membrane.In order to regulate the transport of molecules, there are two types of proteins in the cell: carrier proteins and transport proteins.The two types of transport proteins are channel and carrier protein. Transport is either active or passive. Active transport is moving molecules against the concentration gradient and energy is required in the form of ATP.== =THE NUCLEUS= ==The nucleus is the brain of eukaryotic cells. It is only present in eukaryotic cells (which are eukaryotic because they have a nucleus) and there is only one of these organelles in each cell. Usually the nucleus is round and is the largest organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a membrane, called the nuclear envelope, which is similar to the cell membrane that encloses the entire cell. The envelope is riddled with holes, called nuclear pores, that allow specific materials to pass in and out of the nucleus, just like proteins in the cell membrane regulate the movement of molecules in and out of the cell itself. Attached to the nuclear envelope is the endoplasmic reticulum. The nucleus is surrounded by the cytoplasm inside a cell.The nucleus houses the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which stores genetic information for a cell. The DNA contains instructions for the production of the cell's proteins and for reproduction.== == =THE MITOCHONDRIAL= ==**Mitochondrial DNA** (**mtDNA**) is the DNA located in organelles called mitochondria. Most other DNA present in eukaryotic organisms is found in the cell nucleus. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA are thought to be of separate evolutionary origin, with the mtDNA being derived from the circular genomes of the bacteria that were engulfed by the early ancestors of today's eukaryotic cells.Each mitochondrion is estimated to contain 2-10 mtDNA copies.The genes for some of them, if not most, are thought to have originally been of bacterial origin, having since been transferred to the eukaryotic nucleus duringevolution.Among multicellular animals (metazoans), nearly all of the DNA in a fertilized egg (zygote) is inherited from only one parent - the female.== =THE CHLOROPLAST= ==Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in all higher plant cells. These organelles contain the plant cell's chlorophyll, hence provide the green color. They have a double outer membrane. Within the stroma are other membrane structures - the thylakoids and grana (singular = granum) where photosynthesis takes place.Chloroplast, basically, is the organelle responsible for photosynthesis. Structurally it is very similar to the mitochondrion.However, the chloroplast is larger than the mitochondria. It needs to have the larger size because its membrane is not folded into cristae.Also the inner membrane is not used for the electron transport chain.Instead it contains the light-absorbing system, the electron transport chain, and ATP synthetase in a third membrane that forms a series of flattened discs, called the thylakoids.== =THE GOLGI BODY= ==**The Golgi apparatus is an extremely important organelle in both plant and animal cells. The Golgi body consists of layers of sacs. These sacs have a very thin membrane. Vesicles are pinching off the edges of the sacs. This organelle has two parts to its function. First, it acts in the modification of lipids and proteins. Secondly, it serves to store and package materials for exportation from the cell. The Golgi body works together with the vesicles. They move back and forth from the organelle to the cell membrane carrying the packaged materials to the outside of the cell. The Golgi body is located near the nucleus of the cell.**== =THE CELL WALL= ==The cell wall is rigid (up to many micrometers in thickness) and gives plant cells a very defined shape. While most cells have a outer membrane, none is comparable in strength to the plant cell wall. The cell wall is the reason for the difference between plant and animal cell functions. Because the plant has evolved this rigid structure, they have lost the opportunity to develop nervous systems, immune systems, and most importantly, mobility.In new cells the cell wall is thin and not very rigid. This allows the young cell to grow. This first cell wall of these growing cells is called the primary cell wall. When the cell is fully grown, it may retain its primary wall, sometimes thickening it, or it may deposit new layers of a different material, called the secondary cell wall.== = = =THE VACUOLE= ==The vacuole is used only in plant cells. It is responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell. Plant cells don't increase in size by expanding the cytosplasm, rather they increase the size of their vacuoles. The vacuole is a large vesicle which is also used to store nutrients, metabolites, and waste products. The pressure applied by the vacuole, called turgor, is necessary to maintain the size of the cell. If turgor is lost the cell becomes flaccid. The vacuole typically is 50% of the volume of the cell, yet it can take up to 95% of the cell!.The **vacuole** is a round, fluid-filled sac found in both plant and animal cells. Plants usually have a few large vacuoles, while animal cells have smaller vacuoles, if any. It stores food, water, and other materials for use by the cell. Wastes may also be stored in vacuoles.== =THE BIBLIOGRAPHY=