GUTIERREZ,+BRYAN

== =Monkeys= BY:Gutierrez, Bryan

== = = = = = = =Table of Context= Page1.......................................................About Monkeys ( New World monkeys and Old World monkeys )

Page2.......................................................Monkeys in captivity

Page3.......................................................Monkeys in culture

Page4.......................................................Characteristics

Page5.......................................................Top 10 Missing Links ( How Apes are Related to Humans )

Page6.......................................................Name ( How Monkeys got their Name [Monkey] )

Page7.......................................................Albino Pygmy Monkeys

Page8.......................................................

Page 1
=About Monkeys= A **monkey** is any member of either the New World monkeys or Old World monkeys, two of the three groupings of simian primates, the third group being the apes. There are 264 known extant species of monkey. The New World monkeys are classified within the parvorder Platyrrhini, whereas the Old World monkeys (superfamily Cercopithecoidea) form part of the parvorder Catarrhini, which also includes the apes. Thus, scientifically speaking, monkeys are paraphyletic (not a single coherent group), and Old World monkeys are actually more closely related to the apes than they are to the New World monkeys. Because of their similarity to monkeys, apes such as chimpanzees and gibbons are often called "monkeys" in informal usage, though they are not monkeys. Conversely, due to its size (up to 1 m) the Mandrill is often thought to be an ape, but it is actually an Old World monkey. Also, a few monkey species have the word "ape" in their common name.

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=Monkeys in Captivity=

As service animals for the disabled
Some organizations such as Helping Hands have been training capuchin monkeys to assist quadriplegics and other people with severe spinal cord injuries or mobility impairments. After being socialized in a human home as infants, the monkeys undergo extensive training before being placed with a quadriplegic. Around the house, the monkeys help out by doing tasks including microwaving food, washing the quadriplegic's face, and opening drink bottles. 

In laboratories
.Macaques, especially the Rhesus Macaque, and African green monkeys are widely used in animal testing facilities, either wild-caught or purpose-bred. They are used primarily because of their relative ease of handling, their fast reproductive cycle (compared to apes), and their psychological and physical similarity to humans. In the United States, around 50,000 non-human primates, most of them monkeys, have been used in experiments every year since 1973;10,000 monkeys were used in the European Union in 2004. The use of monkeys in laboratories is controversial. Some claim that their use is cruel and produces little information of value, and there have been many protests, vandalism to testing facilities, and threats to workers. Others claim that it has led to many important medical breakthroughs such as the rabies vaccine, understanding of human reproduction and basic knowledge about brain function, and that the prevention of harm to humans should be a higher priority than the possible harm done to monkeys. The topic has become a popular cause for animal rights and animal welfare groups. The use of animals in research in the U.S. is controlled by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees. 

In space
A number of countries have used monkeys as part of their space exploration programmes, including the United States and France. The first monkey in space was Albert II who flew in the US-launched V2 rocket in June 14, 1949. 

As food
There are a lot of myths about Chinese habits which are mostly contrived, such as the stories about eating monkeys brains. In traditional Islamic dietary laws, monkeys are forbidden to be eaten.

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=Monkeys in culture=

Literature
Sun Wukong (the "Monkey King"), a character who figures prominently in Chinese mythology, is the main protagonist in the classic comic Chinese novel //Journey to the West//. Monkeys are prevalent in numerous books, television programs, and movies. The television series //Monkey//, the literary characters Monsieur Eek and Curious George are all examples. However, pop culture often incorrectly labels apes, particularly chimpanzees, gibbons, and gorillas, as monkeys. Terry Pratchett makes use of the distinction in his //Discworld// novels, in which the Librarian of the Unseen University is an orangutan who gets very violent if referred to as a monkey. 

Religion and Worship
Hanuman, a prominent divine entity in Hinduism, is a monkey-like humanoid. The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped nature. They placed emphasis on animals and often depicted monkeys in their art.

Zodiac
The Monkey is the ninth in the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. The next time that the monkey will appear as the zodiac sign will be in the year 2016.

Page 4
=Characteristics= Monkeys range in size from the Pygmy Marmoset, at 14-16 cm (5-6 inch) long (plus tail) and 120-140 g (4-5 oz) in weight, to the male Mandrill, almost 1 metre (3 ft) long and weighing 35 kg (75 lb). Some are arboreal (living in trees), some live on the savannah; diets differ among the various species but may contain any of the following: fruit, leaves, seeds, nuts, flowers, insects, spiders, eggs and small animals. Some characteristics are shared among the groups; most New World monkeys have prehensile tails while Old World monkeys have non-prehensile tails or no visible tail at all. Some have trichromatic colour vision like that of humans, others are dichromats or monochromats. Although both the New and Old World monkeys, like the apes, have forward facing eyes, the faces of Old World and New World monkeys look very different, though again, each group shares some features such as the types of noses, cheeks and rumps. In order to understand the monkeys, it is necessary to study the characteristics of the different groups individually.

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=Top 10 Missing Links= = =

Number 10
== =Australopithecus afarensis= The most famous member of this species is Lucy, an adult female skeleton discovered in 1974 and nicknamed after a Beatles song. Lucy lived about 3.18 million years ago and was fully capable of walking and running on two legs.

Number 9
== =Australopithecus africanus= //A. africanus// was an early descendent of Lucy and lived in Southern Africa between 2 million and 3 million years ago. Its brain was larger than Lucy's and its facial features were more human-like.

Number 8
== =Paranthropus aethiopicus= This early ape-like hominid walked on two legs and lived between 2.8 million and 2.2 million years ago. Based on skull measurements, scientists concluded this species had the smallest adult hominid brain ever discovered.

Number 7
== =Parfalseanthropus bosei= If //P. bosei// and its relatives weren't such picky eaters, we might not be here to wonder about them. They split from the line leading to modern human some 2 million years ago and lived alongside our ancestors for millions of years, but died out after failing to adapt their diets.

Number 6
=Homo habilis= Many scientists believe //H. habilis// is the missing link between the ape-like hominids like Lucy and the more human-like ones that came after. It had long ape-like arms but walked on two feet and was capable of creating crude tools.

Number 5
== =Homo ergaster= Scientists can't decide whether this African hominid is just a failed predecessor of //H. erectus// or the rightful ancestor of modern humans. It had a thinner skull than //H. erectus// and was more proficient at making tools and using fire.

Number 4
=Homo erectus= For //H. erectus//, it may have paid to be dense. According to one theory, males rammed each other with their thick skulls in order to win females. //H. erectus// is generally believed to be the direct ancestor of modern humans and also the first hominid to live in caves and tame fire.

Number 3
=Homo floresiensis= It turns out those Floresians were actually on to something. For centuries, their mythology described a race of very small human-like creatures called the Ebu Gogo. Hardly anyone took them seriously, however, until 2003, when word broke that a new species of diminutive hominids was discovered on the Indonesian island.

Number 2
=Cro-Magnon= These people looked identical to modern humans and lived in Europe between 35,000 and 10,000 years ago. Their cave paintings and sculptures are the earliest known examples of art by a prehistoric people.

Number 1
=Neanderthal= Stocky and squat and well suited for the cold, Neanderthals looked distinctly different from modern humans. But they were like us in other ways: they buried their dead, cared for their sick and injured and may have been capable of language and music. Scientists recently put together a complete Neanderthal skeleton and are working on the genome.

Page 6
=Name= According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "monkey" may originate in a German version of the //Big Virginia// fable, published circa 1580. In this version of the fable, a character named Moneke is the son of Martin the Ape. The word Moneke may have been derived from the Italian //monna//, which means "a female ape". The name Moneke likely persisted over time due to the popularity of //Reynard the Fox//. A group of monkeys may be called as a //mission// or a //tribe//.

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=Albino Pygmy Monkeys=

Resembling nothing so much as Chewbacca's children, two of the world's tiniest monkeys debuted recently at the Frösö Zoo in Ostersund, Sweden. Shown here shortly after their birth, these pygmy marmosets are exceedingly rare. It's not because they're twins though—pygmy marmosets are typically born in pairs—but because they're albinos, deficient in pigment. The world's smallest species of monkey, this tree-dwelling marmoset makes big noise, contributing clicks, whistles, and squeals to the cacophony of their home habitat, the western Amazon rain forest of South America. Adults grow to about 5 inches (13 centimeters) in length and weigh about 6 ounces (170 grams).

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